Introduction

 

1. Editions

 

This Yŏrha ilgi (熱河日記 lit. Jehol Diary) editions comparison is intended to gain a standard critical edition. The editions used for this aim can be divided into two catego­ries. The ‘primary editions’ are important objects of studies in textual criticism. The most representative editions are selected from the each of all the three groups, which are de­fined by Professor Kim Myŏngho (金明昊 http://skku.ac.kr/) in his published doc­toral dissertation (Kim 1990 see ‘References’ below). The descriptions for the primary edi­tions below also stem from it (pp. 28-43). And the ‘secondary editions’ are modern ones, which are based on the primary editions.

The abbreviations for each edition consisting of one capital letter like (C) or (N) are given below. Roman letters like (C) refer to the ‘primary and secondary editions’ and the ‘Korean translations’, whereas italic letters like (N) refer to ‘other editions men­tioned in references and used partly for this comparison’. And (X) refers to what I de­cide for or what I correct. Except these abbreviations capital letters are never used for searching convenience, even though it violates English orthography.

 

1.1. Primary editions

 

1.        (C) Ch’ungnam Univ. edition (忠南大本/忠南大所藏筆寫本 ‘no year specification’ means ‘sine anno’): It is presumed to be the closest edition to the autograph and be­longs to the “manuscript group” (草稿本系列). [pdf: http://clins.cnu.ac.kr/ (史.地理類 119)]

2.        (K) Kwangmunhoe edition (光文會本/崔南善編新活字本 1911): The best-edited edition (善本) in the manuscript group. [image: http://nl.go.kr/ (燕岩外集, 古041-1/古2511-25-30)]

3.        (P) Pak Yŏngch’ŏl edition (朴榮喆本/朴榮喆編新活字本 1932): The best-edited edition in the “modified editions group A” (改作A本系列). It seems to be based di­rectly on the standard or definitive edition (定本). It is also the most circulated edi­tion. [html: http://minchu.or.kr/ (韓國文集叢刊 252); image: http://nl.go.kr/ (燕巖集, 한古朝46-가1145); book: http://staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/ (北京圖書館出版社 1996, 5A43946)]

4.        (T) Taiwan edition (臺灣本/臺灣中央圖書館所藏筆寫本): The most modified edi­tion with large numbers of errata and omissions. It belongs to the “modified edi­tions group B” (改作B本系列). [image: http://nl.go.kr/ (中華叢書委員會影印 1st 1956, 古3653-50-1-6); book: http://staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/ (國立編譯館中華叢書編審委員會 2nd 1982, 958502)]

 

1.2. Secondary editions

 

1.        (J) Japanese edition (日譯本/靑柳綱太郞發行朝鮮硏究會刊新活字本 1915-16): This edition might be based on one or more editions belonging to the manuscript group and shows similarity to (K). [image: http://nl.go.kr/ (燕岩外集, 朝66-A47); book: http://rub.de/oaw/bibliothek/ (Dfu 32/1)]

2.        (Y) Yi Kawŏn edition (李家源本/李家源譯註民族文化推進會刊本 1968, 2nd 1976): The hanmun (漢文) text is based on (P) with supplements from other edi­tions such as (EGILMW). They were under Yi’s private ownership and today belong to Tan’guk Univ. (檀國大), which does not yet (mid-2005, according to Professor Kim) provide public access. [book: http://rub.de/oaw/bibliothek/ (Dfu 32/3); image: http://minchu.or.kr/ (古典國譯叢書 18/19)]

3.        (R) Ri Sangho edition (리상호本/보리出版社刊本 2004): It is a revised or re-pub­lished edition including newly set hanmun text from South Korea. Ri’s translation is said to be based on (K) and (P). His North Korean edition is printed in 1959. [isbn: 89-8428-185-9]

4.        (S) Shanghai edition (上海本/朱瑞平校點上海書店出版社刊本 1997): It is based on (P) and (Y). [isbn: 7-80622-225-1]

 

1.3. Korean translations

 

1.        (A) Yi Kawŏn’s translation in (Y). [html: http://minchu.or.kr/]

2.        (B) Ri Sangho’s translation in (R).

 

1.4. Other editions mentioned in references and used partly for this comparison

 

1.        (D) Kodosŏ edition (古圖書本/서울大古圖書筆寫本): The most inferior (劣惡) edition in the manuscript group. It is quoted partly in Kim 1990. [next: 奎章閣, 古48103, M/F84-16-218-C, 10冊 23x15.5 ‘next’ in blue means ‘I still have not got it’]

2.        (N) Chŏnnam Univ. edition (全南大本/全南大所藏筆寫本): It is notably similar to (T) and belongs to the modified editions group B, in Kim 1990. [next: 1) 全南大, OC2G3열91ㅂv.1-12, 26卷12冊 四周無邊 無界 10行20字 25.0x15.2, 肉筆本 燕岩山房 序: 崇禎百五十六年癸卯(1783)洌上外史題 楮紙 2) OC2G3열91ㅂv.1-v.12, 影印本 光州 全南大圖書館 1995, 26卷12冊 四周無邊 10行20字 註雙行 25.1x16.4, 原本發行事項 筆寫本]

3.        (U) Kyujanggak edition (奎章閣本/奎章閣所藏筆寫本): It shows similarity to (C), (K) and (D), and belongs to the manuscript group, in Kim 1990. [next: 1) 奎章閣, 奎7175, SGP-103-013578, 26卷10冊 27.4x18.5, 印: 編輯局保管 學部圖書 2) 奎章閣, 想白古915.2B148ya; M/F99-16-26-T; 1冊(127張) 29.8x22; 印: 想白書屋]

4.        (H) Kukhoe edition (國會本/國會圖書館所藏筆寫本): It is considered to belong to the modified editions group A. [next: 國會, 古811.081ㅂ327ㅇ, 燕巖集, 24卷11冊 28.4x19.3, 內容 熱河日記]

5.        (O) Yŏnwŏn chikchi (燕轅直指/民族文化推進會電子文書本) by Kim Kyŏngsŏn (金景善 1788-1853, 燕行 1832): The quoted parts are presumed to stem from an edi­tion of the manuscript group (Kim 2001:140). [html/image: http://minchu.or.kr/ (燕行錄選集); book: 林基中編燕行錄全集 (東國大 2001, isbn: 89-7801-110-1)]

6.        (E) Sut’aek edition (手澤本), in (A).

7.        (G) Yudang edition (綏堂本), in (A).

8.        (I) Ilchae edition (一齋本), in (A).

9.        (L) Chusŏllu edition (朱雪樓本), in (A).

10.    (M) Yŏnam sanbang edition (燕巖山房本), in (A).

11.    (W) Tabaegunru edition (多白雲樓本), in (A).

 

2. References

 

2.1. Selected offline references

 

1.        (Kang 1988) Kang Tongyŏp (姜東燁): Yŏrha ilgi yŏn’gu. Seoul: Ilchisa

2.        (Kim 1990) Kim Myŏngho: Yŏrha ilgi yŏn’gu. Seoul: Ch’angjak-kwa pip’yŏngsa

3.        (Kim 2001) —: Pak Chiwŏn munhak yŏn’gu. Seoul: Taedong munhwa yŏn’guwŏn

4.        (Im 2002) Im Kijung (林基中): Yŏnhaeng nok yŏn’gu. Seoul: Ilchisa

5.        (Pak 1998) Pak Hŭibyŏng (朴熙秉): Na-ŭi abŏji Pak Chiwŏn. Seoul: Tolbegae [origi­nal: Pak Chongch’ae (朴宗采 字士行 號蕙田 1780-1835): Kwajŏng nok (過庭錄)]

6.        (Kim 1997) Kim Yunjo (金允朝): Yŏkchu Kwajŏng nok. Seoul: T’aehaksa

7.        (Pak 2003) Pak Chŏngju (박정주): Pukhak ŭi. Seoul: Sŏhae munjip [original: Pak Chega (朴齊家 字次修 號楚亭 1750-1805): Pukhak ŭi (北學議)] This translation is strongly recommended. It includes many illustrations, which make it easier for the reader to understand the descriptions of objects and devices. They stem from following sources. 范楚玉主編: 中國科學技術典籍通彙, 農學卷(1-5). 鄭州: 河南教育出版社 1994; 宋應星著 董文校: 校正天工開物. 臺北: 世界書局 1962; 孫家鼐等撰: 欽定書經圖說. 1905.

8.        (An 2003) An Taehoe (安大會): Pukhak ŭi. Seoul: Tol pegae

 

2.2. Korean Classics Research Institute

 

At http://minchu.or.kr/ (shortly ‘minchu’ from here on), hanmun texts as well as Ko­rean translations (國譯燕行錄選集, published by 民族文化推進會) of Yŏnhaeng nok sŏnjip (燕行錄選集 Selected records of the Chosŏn-Korean embassy to China, pub­lished by 成均館大學校 大東文化硏究院) are completely scanned in image format and also digitized in text format. Besides this source there are further important sources such as Hong Taeyong’s Tamhŏnsŏ (洪大容 湛軒書) and Yi Tŏngmu’s Ch’ŏng­jang­gwan chŏnsŏ (李德懋 靑莊館全書).

Most of all, some records and entries (such as 金昌業 1658-1721 燕行 1712 燕行日記, 崔德中 燕行 1712 燕行錄 路程記, 洪大容 1731-1783 燕行 1765 湛軒書 燕記 路程, 金正中 燕行 1791 燕行錄 道里, 李海應 1775-1825 燕行 1803 薊山紀程 附錄 道里) on this website are used frequently by crosschecking the proper nouns like as stations on the journey. In footnotes ‘minchu’ is simply given, unless otherwise needed. Besides the materials of this website, two further itineraries by Kang Paeng-nyŏn (燕行路程記 姜栢年 1603-1681, 燕行 1660) and Yu Inmok (北行歌附路程記 柳寅睦 1839-1900, 燕行 1866, both in Im 2002:68-81) are used for the same pur­pose. In this case ‘kang-yu’ is given.

 

2.3. Other online references and search engines

 

The notes on references are given very narrowly in footnotes, since the referred pas­sages are expected to be googled easily in combinations with the websites below.

 

1.        Korean History On-line: http://koreanhistory.or.kr/

2.        Guoxue: http://guoxue.com/

3.        Zhonghua wenhua wang: http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ccw/

4.        Wikipedia (Chinese): http://zh.wikipedia.org/

5.        Google (Traditional Chinese): http://www.google.com/intl/zh-TW/

6.        Baidu: http://www.baidu.cn/

 

2.4. Quotes

 

Passages quoted from the chapters, which have not been yet compared and digitized, stem tentatively from (P). Passages quoted from or referring to other works stem mostly from their online or digitized editions. Comparison with offline standard editions will not be undertaken up to version 1.0 (on completion of comparison of all chapters). The quotes are just given in order to draw attention, so they are usually very brief. Hence, it is strongly recommended to check it yourself.

 

3. Technical notes

 

3.1. Unicode

 

1.        ‘CJK Unified Ideographs’ like 力 (U+529B ryŏk/lyek) or 識 (U+8B58 sik/sik) are used solely. ‘CJK Compatibility Ideographs’ like 力 (U+F98A yŏk/yek) and 識 (U+F9FC chi/ci) are never used.

2.        ‘CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A’ like 㞐 (U+3790) or 㶑 (U+3D91) are re­placed with their standard form mapped to ‘CJK Unified Ideographs’ like 居 (U+5C45) or 瀲 (U+7032).

3.        Ideographs mapped to ‘KS X 1001’ (KS C 5601 including 4888 ideographs, 常用漢字) and ‘KS X 1002’ (KS C 5657, including 2856 ideographs, 擴張漢字) are pre­ferred as far as possible.

4.        Ideographs mapped to ‘CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B’ and ‘CJK Compati­bil­ity Ideographs Supplement’ are given only in their Unicode encoding form, e.g. u+235f3 (‘u+’ and five hex digits, all in small letters), in footnotes be­cause they are tech­nically still not easy to display. In main text they are replaced with their stan­dard form.

5.        Despites its benefits Unicode has its weak points. The one of them that might con­fuse the users of this edition stems from inconsistency in codes and fonts. Some exam­ples are listed below. And also see ‘Ideograph variants’ below.

尙(U+5C19 New Batang, MingLiu, SimSun or U+5C1A in MingLiu)

尚(U+5C1A New Batang, SimSun, MS Mincho)

倘(U+5018 New Batang, MingLiu, MS Mincho)

倘(U+5018 SimSun)

錄(U+9304 New Batang, MingLiu, SimSun)

録(U+9332 New Batang, MingLiu, SimSun, MS Mincho)

碌(U+788C New Batang, MingLiu, MS Mincho)

碌(U+788C SimSun)

爲(U+7232 New Batang) 為(U+70BA New Batang) 為(U+70BA PMingLiu)

鎭(U+93AD New Batang) 鎮(U+93AE New Batang) 鎮(U+93AE PMingLiu)

6.        New Batang (nBatang.ttf, sae pat’ang), a Unicode font, is used for CJK ideographs, and Times New Roman for the Latin alphabet and the Arabic numerals. Instead of New Batang, another Unicode font Hyhaeseo (UNI_HSR.ttf, hanyang haesŏ 漢陽楷書) will be possibly used for PDF or print oriented files. And HTML files have no predefined font style, therefore you can change font style in your browser, as you like.

7.        Further information: Unihan Database http://www.unicode.org/charts/unihan.html

 

3.2. Spacing and annotations in main text

 

(RSY) are spaced, (S) even with punctuation marks. And (P) in the minchu edition is also punctuated. The present edition is spaced but without punctuation marks in order to in­crease the searching convenience. This spacing must be considered only as a rough guide.

An Ideographic Space (　 U+3000) means a large pause corresponding to , . ? ! : etc. And a Space (  U+0020) is set between components lined up on the same level and corre­sponds to a Caesura Sign (、 U+3001). It is also set before and after annotations that are inserted in smaller font size and in double lines. In the present edition this form of annotations is changed into the form like as ‘留龍灣 {義州館} ’, in smaller font size, in Curly Brackets, and in dark blue (blue in HTML).

In (CKPT) one blank type (kwŏlcha 闕字) is set generally before dynasties, rulers etc, though not consistently. A Fullwidth Low Line (＿ U+FF3F) stands for a blank type.

 

3.3. Symbols used in footnotes

 

1.        A White Square (□ U+25A1) refers to where a blank is set instead of a certain char­acter that is expected to be written or printed.

2.        An Ampersand (& U+0026) stands for a character that is omitted or does not exist.

3.        A Number Sign (# U+0023) marks a certain edition that is not to be concerned for the addressed place. There are still only two editions, i.e. #(B) and #(J). In (B) the pas­sages or words are not literally translated, or the original characters are not given in parentheses, so that the reconstruction is impossible. And in (J) it is a matter of one or more characters that are melted into Japanese or simply missing. Both of these cases are not treated separately, hence ‘&(J)’ is never used. Besides, the Japa­nese edition is used within limits, i.e. it is used as an additional help to confirm the al­ready known differences between the other editions.

4.        A Percent Sign (% U+0025) means that a certain glyph cannot be digitized because it has no Unicode encoding form. In this case, though not always, I tried to give the most similar variant or a combination like as ‘%(J =穴+次)’.

5.        An Identical To (≡ U+2261) shows variant relations that are not listed in ‘jehol-iv’ or it is used in some cases, in which it might be necessary to show variants.

6.        A Commercial At (@ U+0040) means that the character cannot be recognized ow­ing to bad copy or print quality.

7.        Less-Than Sign and Greater-Than Sign (or pointed brackets) (</> U+003C/E) are used for (AB), instead of parentheses, like <A> when meanings and terms are given in English for comparison.

8.        Footnotes marked with (cont) are only given to control with contrary or similar cases.

 

3.4. Footnote groups in colors

 

In ‘footnote texts’, colors are used for each group of footnotes and the same colors are also used for ‘footnote references’ (numbers in main text) as follows. Not all foot­note groups (or footnotes) will be included in the public edition. And their initial indica­tors like as ‘note:’ and colors could also be removed.

 

1.        ‘[] in red’ is a substitute number for each entry. See ‘Table of contents’ below.

2.        ‘note: in blue’ has explanations or is about <>-cases above.

3.        ‘seeiv: in light blue’ is about synonyms and variants and refers to ‘jehol-iv’. See ‘Ideograph variants’ below.

4.        ‘plus: in pale blue’ is about the cases beyond the scope of comparison. It is more than 10 percent of all footnotes and it is not included in the public edition.

5.        ‘max: in gray-50%’ refers to differences appearing in more than two primary edi­tions.

6.        ‘med: in gray-40%’ refers to differences appearing only in one primary edition.

7.        ‘min: in gray-25%’ refers to differences not appearing in primary editions, and it is also about ‘blank type’ cases and @-cases, which are not expected to be impor­tant.

 

3.5. Ideograph variants

 

There are large numbers of variants, usually corruptions hand-written (or hand-drawn or hand-copied) by transcribers in (CT). Some of them are mapped to ‘CJK Unified Ideo­graphs Extension B’ and ‘CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement’, and the oth­ers are not digitized at all. And the variants even in printed editions are not used consis­tently, so it is not useful to show all variant relations. All ideograph variants (or ideo­graphic variants or simply character variants) that are not considered to be necessary to show in footnotes are listed separately in ‘jehol-iv’. Semantic variants and synonyms are also treated together with glyphs if not expected to be crucial. Dictionary of Chinese charac­ter variants (http://140.111.1.40/) and Unihan database are mainly used as refer­ences.

I am afraid that I made and am still making mistakes in this variants decision. In cer­tain viewpoints it might be more helpful to show every variant relation in every single place. However, I have three reasons for this radical simplification. The first one is that it costs too much to show everything. The second one is that I give priority to digitizing and increasing searching convenience. The last one is that you can make a quick click for online editions to control suspicious cases.

There are some more symbols and indicators used in ‘jehol-iv’. Some of them are as follows.

 

1.       An Almost Equal To (≈ U+2248) refers to a similar shape like as ‘%(T ≈逓)’. It is used when the differences between the handwritten ones and the ones given in parentheses are minimal.

2.       ‘»«’ stands for CJK Radical Repeat (U+2e80) in twice like as ‘%(CT =疊-田田+»«)’. Therer are also some cases like as 壘 and 塁, in which the variant is al­ready di­gi­tized in Unihan database and known to me.

3.       ‘><’ stands for one CJK Radical Repeat like as ‘%(C =疊-田田+><)’.

4.       ‘standard’ means that the addressed character is registered as standard form in the database of Dictionary of Chinese character variants. However, it is not treated as standard in this edition because the head character – it stands before ‘;’ in each line – is preferred in Korea. Another indicator like as ‘ks2’ follows this indicator.

5.       ‘ks1’ stands for KS X 1001 and ‘ks2’ KS X 1002. ‘ks0’ means that the addressed char­acter does not belong to Korean Standard.

6.       ‘y+’ refers to the registered code of Dictionary of Chinese character variants like as ‘廠; 厰(C =y+001)’.

 

4. Table of contents

 

渡江錄

jehol01

熱河日記序 0000, 渡江錄序 0100, 0624 – 0629, 0701 – 0708,

舊遼東記 0708a, 關帝廟記 0708b, 遼東白塔記 0708c,

廣祐寺記 0708d, 0709

盛京雜識

jehol02

0710, 0711, 粟齋筆談 0711a, 商樓筆談 0711b, 0712,

古董錄 0712a (- 田仕可與燕巖書 0712b), 0713, 0714,

盛京伽藍記 0714a, 山川記略 0714b (- 山川記略後識 0714c)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

- History (yyyymmdd) -

20040509              Starting of this editions comparison.

20050604              Launching Website.

20060329              Version 0.6 (public edition)

20061018              Version 0.7 (public edition)

 

- Afterword -

Though I am making every effort to complete my work without error, you should have your doubts about its accuracy and check every single suspicious place for yourself.

Thanks for your interests in Yŏrha ilgi and this Pahongjae edition. The latest version can be found on­line at http://koreanist.com/jehol/. Please send your questions to yu@koreanist.com!

 

Myoung In YU (Yu Myŏngin, 柳明仁), reviser of Pahongjae (P’ahongjae) edition (波鴻齋本)

Bochum, Germany

October 18, 2006